The Legal and Ethical Care of Patients who are deaf or hard of hearing with an emphasis on communication methods

Background: As the deaf and hard of hearing population has increased over the last few decades, the prevalence of American Sign Language as a person’s primary language has increased with it. However, many optometrists are unsure as to how to approach an exam, and what the law states is necessary to accommodate these patients. Methods: Via thorough literature review, information was gathered and summarized as to how properly care for and communicate with a patient who is deaf or hard of hearing, with special attention to the legal requirements of an optometrist. Results: To optimize the health care environment for patients who are deaf or hard of hearing, the most important step is for the optometrist to know local resources, such as sign language interpreters, legal support, and community agencies, that can benefit the patient and their chair time. This varies depending on what the deaf/hard of hearing patients needs, and should be adjusted accordingly. The supplemental use of pictures or diagrams to illustrate tests or procedures may also help solidify communication between patient and doctor, but may not be a substitute for “effective communication” as outlined in the Americans with Disabilities Act. Above all, it is important to meet these legal requirements, as well as address the specific needs of the patient, preferably with preparationbefore the exam. In addition, this information is presented in pamphlet format for distribution to the optometric community. Conclusion: The Americans with Disabilities Act lays out legal guidelines that physicians must follow when it comes to patients who are deaf or hard of hearing, including
optometrists. It is important for optometrists to study these requirements and be aware of them, should the situation arise when a patient who is deaf or hard of hearing schedules or presents in a clinical setting.